I18N::LangTags::List(3)

NAME
I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

SYNOPSIS
  use I18N::LangTags::List;
  print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
    ), "?\n";

prints:

  Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

DESCRIPTION
This module provides a function "I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag ) " that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

This module also provides a function "I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag )" that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like "fr" or "fr-ca", below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like "aus", that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module.

ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS
Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

•   Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches "m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/", and means something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales also often denote character set information, as in "en_US.ISO8859-1".

•   Language tags are not for computer languages.

•   "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.

•   Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language.

•   Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in bibliography, SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE. For further guidance, email me.

•   Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code ".jp" for Japan.

LIST OF LANGUAGES
The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

{ab} : Abkhazian
    eq Abkhaz

{ace} : Achinese
{ach} : Acoli
{ada} : Adangme
{ady} : Adyghe
    eq Adygei

{aa} : Afar
{afh} : Afrihili
    (Artificial)

{af} : Afrikaans
[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]
{ak} : Akan
    (Formerly "aka".)

{akk} : Akkadian
    (Historical)

{sq} : Albanian
{ale} : Aleut
[{alg} : Algonquian languages]
    NOT Algonquin!

[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]
{am} : Amharic
    NOT Aramaic!

{i-ami} : Ami
    eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.

[{apa} : Apache languages]
{ar} : Arabic
    Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.

{arc} : Aramaic
    NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!

{arp} : Arapaho
{arn} : Araucanian
{arw} : Arawak
{hy} : Armenian
{an} : Aragonese
[{art} : Artificial (Other)]
{ast} : Asturian
    eq Bable.

{as} : Assamese
[{ath} : Athapascan languages]
    eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.

[{aus} : Australian languages]
[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]
{av} : Avaric
    (Formerly "ava".)

{ae} : Avestan
    eq Zend

{awa} : Awadhi
{ay} : Aymara
{az} : Azerbaijani
    eq Azeri

    Notable forms: {az-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.

{ban} : Balinese
[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]
{bal} : Baluchi
{bm} : Bambara
    (Formerly "bam".)

[{bai} : Bamileke languages]
{bad} : Banda
[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]
{bas} : Basa
{ba} : Bashkir
{eu} : Basque
{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)
{bej} : Beja
{be} : Belarusian
    eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian!

{bem} : Bemba
{bn} : Bengali
    eq Bangla.

[{ber} : Berber (Other)]
{bho} : Bhojpuri
{bh} : Bihari
{bik} : Bikol
{bin} : Bini
{bi} : Bislama
    eq Bichelamar.

{bs} : Bosnian
{bra} : Braj
{br} : Breton
{bug} : Buginese
{bg} : Bulgarian
{i-bnn} : Bunun
{bua} : Buriat
{my} : Burmese
{cad} : Caddo
{car} : Carib
{ca} : Catalan
    eq Catalan. eq Catalonian.

[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]
{ceb} : Cebuano
[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]
    Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)

[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]
{chg} : Chagatai
    (Historical?)

[{cmc} : Chamic languages]
{ch} : Chamorro
{ce} : Chechen
{chr} : Cherokee
    eq Tsalagi

{chy} : Cheyenne
{chb} : Chibcha
    (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).

{ny} : Chichewa
    eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.

{zh} : Chinese
    Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly "i-hakka"]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.

{chn} : Chinook Jargon
    eq Chinook Wawa.

{chp} : Chipewyan
{cho} : Choctaw
{cu} : Church Slavic
    eq Old Church Slavonic.

{chk} : Chuukese
    eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.

{cv} : Chuvash
{cop} : Coptic
{kw} : Cornish
{co} : Corsican
    eq Corse.

{cr} : Cree
    NOT Creek! (Formerly "cre".)

{mus} : Creek
    NOT Cree!

[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
{hr} : Croatian
    eq Croat.

[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]
{cs} : Czech
{dak} : Dakota
    eq Nakota. eq Latoka.

{da} : Danish
{dar} : Dargwa
{day} : Dayak
{i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language
    Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example.

{del} : Delaware
{din} : Dinka
{dv} : Divehi
    eq Maldivian. (Formerly "div".)

{doi} : Dogri
    NOT Dogrib!

{dgr} : Dogrib
    NOT Dogri!

[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]
{dua} : Duala
{nl} : Dutch
    eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.

{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)
    (Historical)

{dyu} : Dyula
{dz} : Dzongkha
{efi} : Efik
{egy} : Ancient Egyptian
    (Historical)

{eka} : Ekajuk
{elx} : Elamite
    (Historical)

{en} : English
    Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English.

{enm} : Old English (1100-1500)
    (Historical)

{ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100)
    eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)

{i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial)
{myv} : Erzya
{eo} : Esperanto
    (Artificial)

{et} : Estonian
{ee} : Ewe
    (Formerly "ewe".)

{ewo} : Ewondo
{fan} : Fang
{fat} : Fanti
{fo} : Faroese
{fj} : Fijian
{fi} : Finnish
[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]
    eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic!

{fon} : Fon
{fr} : French
    Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.

{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600)
    (Historical)

{fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400)
    (Historical)

{fy} : Frisian
{fur} : Friulian
{ff} : Fulah
    (Formerly "ful".)

{gaa} : Ga
{gd} : Scots Gaelic
    NOT Scots!

{gl} : Gallegan
    eq Galician

{lg} : Ganda
    (Formerly "lug".)

{gay} : Gayo
{gba} : Gbaya
{gez} : Geez
    eq Ge'ez

{ka} : Georgian
{de} : German
    Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German.

{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500)
    (Historical)

{goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050)
    (Historical)

[{gem} : Germanic (Other)]
{gil} : Gilbertese
{gon} : Gondi
{gor} : Gorontalo
{got} : Gothic
    (Historical)

{grb} : Grebo
{grc} : Ancient Greek
    (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.)

{el} : Modern Greek
    (Since 15th century or so.)

{gn} : Guarani
    Guarani

{gu} : Gujarati
{gwi} : Gwich'in
    eq Gwichin

{hai} : Haida
{ht} : Haitian
    eq Haitian Creole

{ha} : Hausa
{haw} : Hawaiian
    Hawai'ian

{he} : Hebrew
    (Formerly "iw".)

{hz} : Herero
{hil} : Hiligaynon
{him} : Himachali
{hi} : Hindi
{ho} : Hiri Motu
{hit} : Hittite
    (Historical)

{hmn} : Hmong
{hu} : Hungarian
{hup} : Hupa
{iba} : Iban
{is} : Icelandic
{io} : Ido
    (Artificial)

{ig} : Igbo
    (Formerly "ibo".)

{ijo} : Ijo
{ilo} : Iloko
[{inc} : Indic (Other)]
[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]
{id} : Indonesian
    (Formerly "in".)

{inh} : Ingush
{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)
    (Artificial) NOT Interlingue!

{ie} : Interlingue
    (Artificial) NOT Interlingua!

{iu} : Inuktitut
    A subform of "Eskimo".

{ik} : Inupiaq
    A subform of "Eskimo".

[{ira} : Iranian (Other)]
{ga} : Irish
{mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200)
    (Historical)

{sga} : Old Irish (to 900)
    (Historical)

[{iro} : Iroquoian languages]
{it} : Italian
    Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian.

{ja} : Japanese
    (NOT "jp"!)

{jv} : Javanese
    (Formerly "jw" because of a typo.)

{jrb} : Judeo-Arabic
{jpr} : Judeo-Persian
{kbd} : Kabardian
{kab} : Kabyle
{kac} : Kachin
{kl} : Kalaallisut
    eq Greenlandic "Eskimo"

{xal} : Kalmyk
{kam} : Kamba
{kn} : Kannada
    eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian!

{kr} : Kanuri
    (Formerly "kau".)

{krc} : Karachay-Balkar
{kaa} : Kara-Kalpak
{kar} : Karen
{ks} : Kashmiri
{csb} : Kashubian
    eq Kashub

{kaw} : Kawi
{kk} : Kazakh
{kha} : Khasi
{km} : Khmer
    eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean.

[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]
{kho} : Khotanese
{ki} : Kikuyu
    eq Gikuyu.

{kmb} : Kimbundu
{rw} : Kinyarwanda
{ky} : Kirghiz
{i-klingon} : Klingon
{kv} : Komi
{kg} : Kongo
    (Formerly "kon".)

{kok} : Konkani
{ko} : Korean
{kos} : Kosraean
{kpe} : Kpelle
{kro} : Kru
{kj} : Kuanyama
{kum} : Kumyk
{ku} : Kurdish
{kru} : Kurukh
{kut} : Kutenai
{lad} : Ladino
    eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy).

{lah} : Lahnda
    NOT Lamba!

{lam} : Lamba
    NOT Lahnda!

{lo} : Lao
    eq Laotian.

{la} : Latin
    (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino!

{lv} : Latvian
    eq Lettish.

{lb} : Letzeburgesch
    eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly "i-lux".)

{lez} : Lezghian
{li} : Limburgish
    eq Limburger, eq Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch!

{ln} : Lingala
{lt} : Lithuanian
{nds} : Low German
    eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon.

{art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial)
{loz} : Lozi
{lu} : Luba-Katanga
    (Formerly "lub".)

{lua} : Luba-Lulua
{lui} : Luiseno
    eq Luisen~o.

{lun} : Lunda
{luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
{lus} : Lushai
{mk} : Macedonian
    eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!

{mad} : Madurese
{mag} : Magahi
{mai} : Maithili
{mak} : Makasar
{mg} : Malagasy
{ms} : Malay
    NOT Malayalam!

{ml} : Malayalam
    NOT Malay!

{mt} : Maltese
{mnc} : Manchu
{mdr} : Mandar
    NOT Mandarin!

{man} : Mandingo
{mni} : Manipuri
    eq Meithei.

[{mno} : Manobo languages]
{gv} : Manx
{mi} : Maori
    NOT Mari!

{mr} : Marathi
{chm} : Mari
    NOT Maori!

{mh} : Marshall
    eq Marshallese.

{mwr} : Marwari
{mas} : Masai
[{myn} : Mayan languages]
{men} : Mende
{mic} : Micmac
{min} : Minangkabau
{i-mingo} : Mingo
    eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca!

[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]
    Don't use this.

{moh} : Mohawk
{mdf} : Moksha
{mo} : Moldavian
    eq Moldovan.

[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]
{lol} : Mongo
{mn} : Mongolian
    eq Mongol.

{mos} : Mossi
[{mul} : Multiple languages]
    Not for normal use.

[{mun} : Munda languages]
{nah} : Nahuatl
{nap} : Neapolitan
{na} : Nauru
{nv} : Navajo
    eq Navaho. (Formerly "i-navajo".)

{nd} : North Ndebele
{nr} : South Ndebele
{ng} : Ndonga
{ne} : Nepali
    eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali.

{new} : Newari
{nia} : Nias
[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]
[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]
{niu} : Niuean
{nog} : Nogai
{non} : Old Norse
    (Historical)

[{nai} : North American Indian]
    Do not use this.

{no} : Norwegian
    Note the two following forms:

{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal
    eq Bokmaal, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-bok".)

{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk
    (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-nyn".)

[{nub} : Nubian languages]
{nym} : Nyamwezi
{nyn} : Nyankole
{nyo} : Nyoro
{nzi} : Nzima
{oc} : Occitan (post 1500)
    eq Provencal, eq Provencal

{oj} : Ojibwa
    eq Ojibwe. (Formerly "oji".)

{or} : Oriya
{om} : Oromo
{osa} : Osage
{os} : Ossetian; Ossetic
[{oto} : Otomian languages]
    Group of languages collectively called "Otomi".

{pal} : Pahlavi
    eq Pahlevi

{i-pwn} : Paiwan
    eq Pariwan

{pau} : Palauan
{pi} : Pali
    (Historical?)

{pam} : Pampanga
{pag} : Pangasinan
{pa} : Panjabi
    eq Punjabi

{pap} : Papiamento
    eq Papiamentu.

[{paa} : Papuan (Other)]
{fa} : Persian
    eq Farsi. eq Iranian.

{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.)
[{phi} : Philippine (Other)]
{phn} : Phoenician
    (Historical)

{pon} : Pohnpeian
    NOT Pompeiian!

{pl} : Polish
{pt} : Portuguese
    eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.

[{pra} : Prakrit languages]
{pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500)
    eq Old Provencal. (Historical.)

{ps} : Pushto
    eq Pashto. eq Pushtu.

{qu} : Quechua
    eq Quecha.

{rm} : Raeto-Romance
    eq Romansh.

{raj} : Rajasthani
{rap} : Rapanui
{rar} : Rarotongan
[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]
[{roa} : Romance (Other)]
    NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh!

{ro} : Romanian
    eq Rumanian. NOT Romany!

{rom} : Romany
    eq Rom. NOT Romanian!

{rn} : Rundi
{ru} : Russian
    NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn!

[{sal} : Salishan languages]
    Large language group.

{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic
    NOT Aramaic!

{se} : Northern Sami
    eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami.

{sma} : Southern Sami
{smn} : Inari Sami
{smj} : Lule Sami
{sms} : Skolt Sami
[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]
{sm} : Samoan
{sad} : Sandawe
{sg} : Sango
{sa} : Sanskrit
    (Historical)

{sat} : Santali
{sc} : Sardinian
    eq Sard.

{sas} : Sasak
{sco} : Scots
    NOT Scots Gaelic!

{sel} : Selkup
[{sem} : Semitic (Other)]
{sr} : Serbian
    eq Serb. NOT Sorbian.

    Notable forms: {sr-Cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-Latn} : Serbian in Latin script.

{srr} : Serer
{shn} : Shan
{sn} : Shona
{sid} : Sidamo
{sgn-...} : Sign Languages
    Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL).

    (And so on with other country codes as the subtag.)

{bla} : Siksika
    eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii.

{sd} : Sindhi
{si} : Sinhalese
    eq Sinhala.

[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]
[{sio} : Siouan languages]
{den} : Slave (Athapascan)
    ("Slavey" is a subform.)

[{sla} : Slavic (Other)]
{sk} : Slovak
    eq Slovakian.

{sl} : Slovenian
    eq Slovene.

{sog} : Sogdian
{so} : Somali
{son} : Songhai
{snk} : Soninke
{wen} : Sorbian languages
    eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian!

{nso} : Northern Sotho
{st} : Southern Sotho
    eq Sutu. eq Sesotho.

[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]
{es} : Spanish
    Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish.

{suk} : Sukuma
{sux} : Sumerian
    (Historical)

{su} : Sundanese
{sus} : Susu
{sw} : Swahili
    eq Kiswahili

{ss} : Swati
{sv} : Swedish
    Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish.

{syr} : Syriac
{tl} : Tagalog
{ty} : Tahitian
[{tai} : Tai (Other)]
    NOT Thai!

{tg} : Tajik
{tmh} : Tamashek
{ta} : Tamil
{i-tao} : Tao
    eq Yami.

{tt} : Tatar
{i-tay} : Tayal
    eq Atayal. eq Atayan.

{te} : Telugu
{ter} : Tereno
{tet} : Tetum
{th} : Thai
    NOT Tai!

{bo} : Tibetan
{tig} : Tigre
{ti} : Tigrinya
{tem} : Timne
    eq Themne. eq Timene.

{tiv} : Tiv
{tli} : Tlingit
{tpi} : Tok Pisin
{tkl} : Tokelau
{tog} : Tonga (Nyasa)
    NOT Tsonga!

{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands)
    (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga")

    NOT Tsonga!

{tsi} : Tsimshian
    eq Sm'algyax

{ts} : Tsonga
    NOT Tonga!

{i-tsu} : Tsou
{tn} : Tswana
    Same as Setswana.

{tum} : Tumbuka
[{tup} : Tupi languages]
{tr} : Turkish
    (Typically in Roman script)

{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)
    (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical)

{crh} : Crimean Turkish
    eq Crimean Tatar

{tk} : Turkmen
    eq Turkmeni.

{tvl} : Tuvalu
{tyv} : Tuvinian
    eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.

{tw} : Twi
{udm} : Udmurt
{uga} : Ugaritic
    NOT Ugric!

{ug} : Uighur
{uk} : Ukrainian
{umb} : Umbundu
{und} : Undetermined
    Not a tag for normal use.

{ur} : Urdu
{uz} : Uzbek
    eq Oezbek

    Notable forms: {uz-Cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-Latn} Uzbek in Latin script.

{vai} : Vai
{ve} : Venda
    NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly "ven".)

{vi} : Vietnamese
    eq Viet.

{vo} : Volapuk
    eq Volapuek. (Artificial)

{vot} : Votic
    eq Votian. eq Vod.

[{wak} : Wakashan languages]
{wa} : Walloon
{wal} : Walamo
    eq Wolaytta.

{war} : Waray
    Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samaren~o), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.

{was} : Washo
    eq Washoe

{cy} : Welsh
{wo} : Wolof
{x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use)
    "x-" is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch

{xh} : Xhosa
{sah} : Yakut
{yao} : Yao
    (The Yao in Malawi?)

{yap} : Yapese
    eq Yap

{ii} : Sichuan Yi
{yi} : Yiddish
    Formerly "ji". Usually in Hebrew script.

    Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script

{yo} : Yoruba
[{ypk} : Yupik languages]
    Several "Eskimo" languages.

{znd} : Zande
[{zap} : Zapotec]
    (A group of languages.)

{zen} : Zenaga
    NOT Zend.

{za} : Zhuang
{zu} : Zulu
{zun} : Zuni
    eq Zun~i

SEE ALSO
I18N::LangTags and its "See Also" section.

COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.

You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself.

This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.

Email any corrections or questions to me.

AUTHOR
Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org